49 Embedded Testing Jobs - Page 2

Job Description : Embedded C and Python programming experience Embedded device testing exposure (Linux/Android) Device Farm maintenance : Device bring-up Build loading and making sure automated runs are running smooth. Triage Daily triage of automated runs and sending reports Triaging issues found as part of daily CI runs and reporting to dev team with all the required logs.

Role & responsibilities Preferred candidate profile 5-10 years experience in Embedded device and Hardware Testing knowledge Ability to perform whitebox testing , unit testing • Hands on experience in mobile app or mobile device testing. • Good to have experience in Python selenium testing Hands on experience in Medical Device testing is added advantage. • Experience on working, Test Hardware, and boards • Perform end-to-end functional testing and validation for the applications under test. • Developing a detailed test cases, risk identification, and impact analysis etc. • Review customer requirements, use cases, user stories, and functional requirements and author test cases • Execute test cases for products under development using test management/tracking tools • Create and maintain cases, scenarios/scripts, in compliance with defined QA standards and methodologies • Establish and configure testing environments for executing test cases and scenarios Experience with Healthcare Domain and FDA's device testing lifecycle. • Good Communication skills. Be explicit in spoken and written English language. • Good attitude towards work and corporate culture. • Excellent Written and Oral Communication skills

Job Information Job Opening ID ZR_1994_JOB Date Opened 16/06/2023 Industry Technology Job Type Work Experience 8-10 years Job Title Tech Lead Emdedded City Hyderabad Province Hyderabad,telangana Country India Postal Code 500032 Number of Positions 1 Engineering degree,Proficiency in embedded design and development. Experience in developing IoT products. Experience working with Embedded C, Micocontroller,Understands PCB schematics,Own end to end design of one or more products of Eruvaka. Lead design and development of the same. Leads root-cause analysis and comes up with improvement plan,Guides few team members. Helps in skill building in the team. check(event) ; career-website-detail-template-2 => apply(record.id,meta)" mousedown="lyte-button => check(event)" final-style="background-color:#2B39C2;border-color:#2B39C2;color:white;" final-class="lyte-button lyteBackgroundColorBtn lyteSuccess" lyte-rendered=""> I'm interested

Hiring for Embedded Manual Testing Experience : 1 - 3 Years Job Location : Bangalore Required Skills 1. Manual Testing (Embedded Application Testing) 2. Good Knowledge on Modbus protocol) 3. Good Knowledge of Controller interfaces. 4. User Interface Testing 5. Controller testing tool multimeter ,oscilloscope, basic electronics control system test. Interested candidates can share the resume yamuna.k@harita.co.in

Device Testing Engrs(Black/White Box)5–10 yrs exp in Embeded C/C++, testing, Manual Testing. Domain:Medical/Automotive/Aerospace. Loc: Chennai, 5-day WFO. 12M contract (convertible 2 permanent), HCL (Payroll: TE Infotech). ssankala@toppersedge.com

Role: Embedded Test Engineer Client/ Domain: Semiconductor Manufacturing Work Location (client): Hitechcity , Hyderabad Work Hours: Normal Working Hours. Work Mode: Work From Office Mode of Interview: Virtual (Microsoft Teams) 5+ years of work experience Project : The team works on portfolio of advanced SOC Testing at various stages of Hardware platform Devlopment Technical Skills 1. Hands-on Python is mandatory 2. Good knowledge in Testing concepts 3. Expert in unit level, integration and system level testing 4. Working experience in Embedded domain is mandatory 5. Good to have multi-media domain knowledge

Position: Python Automation Engineer (CE58SF RM 3259) Shift timing : General Work Mode : Client office Relevant Experience required: Python, Embedded Testing, Automative Knowledge Education Required: Bachelor s Must have : Python, Embedded Testing Good to have : Automotive domain and Tools Required Technologies 5+ years of experience with Test Automation with Embedded systems Strong knowledge in Python + Py Test for automation and scripting tasks Experience in framework development Problem-solving: Demonstrated ability to effectively analyze and solve technical challenges. Hardware Testing: Good to have experience with hardware automation tools and processes Must have experience with Jira, Git Strong troubleshooting skills Good communication skills Nice to have Automotive domain knowledge. Automotive tools understanding Signal generator, Picoscope, CANalyzer, etc Understanding in Audio functionality Job Category: Embedded HW_SW Job Type: Full Time Job Location: Ahmedabad Experience: 5 - 8 Years Notice period: 0-15 days

Dear Candidate, We are seeking a highly skilled and detail-oriented E&C - Verification. The ideal candidate will have hands-on experience in both manual and automated testing environments, with a strong background in embedded systems and ECU-level testing. Key Responsibilities: Preparation and setup of test environments (manual and automated test benches) Design and execution of test cases based on requirement documents Conducting bench testing, black-box testing, and functional testing Low-level embedded software testing including ECU board bring-up, debugging, and validation Simulation of ECUs using electronic components Hands-on usage of lab equipment such as multimeters, oscilloscopes, function generators, and load boxes Working knowledge of sensor and communication interfaces Strong understanding of communication protocols like CAN , J1939 , and Serial communication Proficiency in automotive software tools such as Vector CANalyzer / CANoe Scripting and automation knowledge using CAPL Development and maintenance of V&V plans and test cases Desired Candidate Profile: Experience in automotive ECU validation and testing Strong analytical and debugging skills Familiarity with industry-standard tools and protocols Passion for quality assurance and embedded system reliability Interested one`s can share their cv at swati.shikha@mounttalent.com or can reach me 9560495550.

Job Title : Sr. Python Developer Experience : 5 to 7 Years Job Description : We are seeking a skilled Python Developer with broad-based experience to join our team. The ideal candidate should have strong expertise in Python development, frameworks such as Django and Flask, and experience with data processing frameworks like Apache Spark. This role requires proficiency in client-server architectures, web application backend development, and strong SQL skills. Key Responsibilities : - Develop and maintain Python-based applications and tools. - Design, build, and maintain efficient, reusable, and reliable Python code. - Implement data processing tasks using SPARK framework and PySPARK. - Write Python scripts for automation and data manipulation. - Work on backend development for web applications. - Process JSON, XML, and CSV data for client-server communication. - Implement and optimize SQL queries and database interactions. - Collaborate with cross-functional teams to define, design, and ship new features. - Ensure code quality, organization, and automation of development processes. Requirements : Required : - 5+ years of professional development experience. - Strong proficiency in Python programming language. - Experience with Python web frameworks such as Django and Flask. - Understanding of SPARK framework and architecture. - Hands-on experience with PySPARK for big data processing. - Proficiency in Python scripting for automation and data manipulation tasks. - Knowledge of client-server architectures and web applications backend development. - Experience with JSON, XML, and CSV data processing. - Strong background in SQL and database management. - Solid experience with Linux environments. Preferred : - Familiarity with Apache Spark framework and its architecture. - Previous development experience with Apache Spark. - Exposure to Databricks platform. - Experience with containerization technologies (e.g., Docker) and Kubernetes. - Knowledge of managing EKS clusters in AWS (Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service). Education : Bachelor's degree in Computer Science, Engineering, or related field (preferred). Skills : - Analytical mindset and problem-solving skills. - Ability to work both independently and collaboratively in a team environment. - Excellent communication skills and ability to articulate technical concepts clearly. KeywordsPython,Flask,Spark,SQL,AWS,Docker,Kubernetes,Django*

Notice period : Immediate to 15 Days Location : Bangalore Key Responsibilities: - Design, develop, execute, debug and automate tests to validate security FW. - Validate security firmware encompassing a wide range of security features at functional and system level. - Develops and execute test plans to evaluate functionality, security, and efficiency of firmware utilizing emulation and evaluation boards for pre-silicon and post silicon testing. - Work closely with security lead and other stakeholders to understand requirements and provide feedback. - Triage, analyze, debug, fix and drive issues/tasks to closure. Educational Background : Bachelors or masters in EE or CS or equivalent is required Must Have Requirements: - A minimum of 4 years' experience and maximum of 7 years of experience in security firmware validation on ARM and RISC V microprocessors. - High level understanding of cryptography concepts (symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, Root of Trust etc.,) - Proficient in defining, designing and developing manual/Automation test cases for firmware functional level testing and system level testing. - Hands on experience with Jenkins, shell/python scripting - Hands on experience with C programming. - Must be proficient with hardware board setup. - Candidate must be available to work out of AMD Whitefield Office on most working days - Experience in semiconductor domain preferred. - Quick learning and self-motivated. - Good written and verbal communication skills in English

Job Summary: We are seeking a highly skilled Senior Automation & Embedded Test Engineer with expertise in Python development, automation testing, and IoT/embedded systems. The ideal candidate will have a strong background in designing, developing, and executing automated test frameworks to ensure high-quality software and hardware integration. Key Responsibilities: Develop and execute automation test scripts using Python for software and embedded systems. Design, implement, and maintain automation frameworks to streamline testing processes. Conduct functional, performance, and regression testing for embedded systems and IoT applications. Collaborate with development teams to identify and resolve software and hardware issues. Ensure compliance with industry standards and best practices in embedded testing. Work with hardware and firmware teams to validate IoT device functionality. Analyze test results and provide feedback to development teams for continuous improvement. Required Skills & Qualifications: 4+ years of experience in automation testing and Python development. Strong understanding of embedded systems and IoT testing methodologies. Hands-on experience with test automation frameworks (e.g., Selenium, Robot Framework). Knowledge of communication protocols (e.g., MQTT, BLE, Zigbee) for IoT applications. Experience with version control systems (e.g., Git) and CI/CD pipelines. Strong problem-solving and debugging skills. Ability to work in a fast-paced, collaborative environment

Job Tittle: Senior Engineer - Firmware Testing Job Location: Noida Work Mode: Work from Office Must have experience: Firmware/Embedded testing Key Purpose of Role: As an engineer in test, validation and automation, the candidate should participate in defining test strategy, developing test cases, and writing scripts , creation of Automation suites, automatic test execution & providing/enabling CI/CD based test solutions. Manual test execution if business need arises. Contribute to develop test solutions. Understand new technologies/requirements and create tests. Areas of Responsibility / Tasks: Review product requirements, architecture designs and provide feedback to development teams. Develop system test strategies, test plans and execute testing, along with developing test automation framework and test scripts. Working, enabling and providing CI/CD based test pipelines. Drive initiatives to improve overall quality, effectiveness of testing, quick turnaround of bugs. Must be able to apply knowledge of network and wireless protocols and test methodology to develop test cases and execution. Responsible for the creation and maintenance of relevant documentation in a CMMi and related context. Efficient collaboration with local and European test and design teams, including gathering and integration of relevant best practices of in the respective field. Hands-on test automation and manual test implementation of complex functions during the implementation phase of the project. Ability to perform stress and long term tests via Automation/Manual pro-actively seeks to make continuous improvements to Test coverage, execution and automation. Analysing technical requirements in view of testing. Identify design for testability needs. Ability to understand C/C++ based code and provide first level analysis of issues and propose fixes/solutions. Metering domain/Communication testing Experience in testing embedded products Automation using LabVIEW, Test-Stand, Python, Perl and other tools Testing in Scrum/Agile development framework Understanding of C, C++ and debugging Network, Wireless and Hardware Device Knowledge Experience using Defect management, Source Code Managenent, REQUIREMENT Management tools. Link to apply : https://careers.landisgyr.com/job-invite/20127/ Regards HR Team

Virtual Walk-In Interview for IT Engineers _Harita Techserv Pvt Ltd Interview Details: Interview Date: 26 -May-25 to 30 -May-25 (Monday to Friday) Interview Timing: 5.30 PM - 8.30 PM Virtual interview link: https://meet.google.com/sjc-zekw-yqg Role: Embedded Application Testing Experience : 1 to 3 years Skills: Manual Testing, Embedded Testing, Python, Modbus Contact Email ID: yamuna.k@harita.co.in

1. product level testing of Embedded products. 2. Module level/firmware level testing. 3. Co-ordination with designer for bugs update and re-testing. Required Candidate profile 4. Knowledge of Electrical fundamentals would be added advantage. 5. Preparing samples foe testing and certification

This is a great chance to create a real impact by testing NVIDIA s DriveOS automotive operating system. As a highly skilled and motivated senior software developer, you will push the boundaries of testing and automation, shaping our verification strategy and influencing the future of our test automation systems. If youre passionate about self-driving technology and ready for a challenge, we want to hear from you! What you will be doing: You will have a unique opportunity to be at the forefront of ensuring the flawless performance of NVIDIAs groundbreaking technology. Your contributions will directly impact the quality and reliability of our solutions, shaping the future of autonomous systems. In our fast-paced and dynamic environment, you will take on exciting challenges, including: Developing and refining test strategies and test plans for new features, ensuring our solutions meet the highest standards of excellence. Designing and implementing automated testing frameworks to enhance verification processes, driving efficiency and reliability in our testing pipelines. Collaborating with multi-functional teams to gain a deep understanding of customer use cases, project requirements, and feature specifications, ensuring alignment with real-world applications. Investigating, analyzing, and addressing issues found during testing, leading root-cause analysis and implementing effective solutions. Enhancing and optimizing QA processes, ensuring technical excellence while continuously improving quality standards. Providing mentorship and guidance to fellow team members, fostering a culture of collaboration, innovation, and technical excellence. Engaging with global teams across different time zones to deliver a seamless and exceptional user experience. Your expertise in testing and automation will be instrumental in shaping the success of NVIDIAs cutting-edge technology, ensuring we deliver world-class solutions to our customers. What we need to see: To excel in this role, we are looking for candidates with the following qualifications: B. E / B. Tech / MS / MCA or its equivalent degree 3+ years of relevant experience in software development Experience in using AI coding assistants to improve coding efficiency and correctness Knowledge in Linux and/or QNX is required Strong embedded testing experience Strong Python skills, with the ability to write logical scripts/code from scratch and use automation frameworks Ability to read C/C++ and low-level code Excellent analytical skills for solving problems Strong interpersonal and communication skills are important An excellent teammate demeanor, passionate about autonomous driving and related fields. Ways to stand out from the crowd: Experience in the Autonomous driving domain Proven understanding of Linux Kernel Internals, system software, Graphics, and Multimedia Concepts Proficiency in industry-standard I/Os such as Display, Resource Manager, Ethernet, CAN, PCIe, and PTP or equivalent experience LLM, GenAI Knowledge Intelligent machines powered by Artificial Intelligence computers that can learn, reason and interact with people are no longer science fiction. GPU Deep Learning has provided the foundation for machines to learn, perceive, reason and solve problems. Now, NVIDIA s GPU runs Deep Learning algorithms, simulating human intelligence, and acts as the brain of computers, robots and self-driving cars that can perceive and understand the world. Come be a part of this exciting world, at NVIDIA. We are an equal opportunity employer and value diversity at our company. We do not discriminate on the basis of race, religion, color, national origin, sex, gender, gender expression, sexual orientation, age, marital status, veteran status, or disability status. We will ensure that individuals with disabilities are provided reasonable accommodation to participate in the job application or interview process, to perform essential job functions, and to receive other benefits and privileges of employment. Please contact us to request accommodation.

We at Cancer Therapy are looking for an enthusiastic Test Engineer with following skills, roles and responsibilities Roles and Responsibilities: Responsible for the Testing of medical Imaging application features and/or bug-fixing and delivering solutions adhering to coding and quality guidelines 10+ years of experience in verification activities for embedded device and software preferably medical device. Experience in writing and executing manual test cases for test setups with actual and simulated hardware. Experience in test case development, test execution, and defects reporting using tools JAMA, Azure DevOps, Quality Center, Clear Quest. Experience in integration testing concepts, methodologies, and strategies for combining software and hardware systems. Experience in test environment set up, includes different hardware, network configurations, operating systems, and software environments. Experience in troubleshooting skills for identifying, analyzing, and resolving embedded environment-related issues. Knowledge of using simulators and emulators to simulate hardware behavior when physical components are not available. Knowledge of basic automation with python is requ

Hiring for : A 22 year old, US based IT Products and Solutions business, ~2500 employees, with a diverse set of clients across large enterprises and well-funded startups in Financial Services, Healthcare, Education etc. Experience : 5+ years in QA with strong experience in IoT or embedded systems testing. Job Location : Pune, hybrid. Joining : Immediate joining preferred. Budget - Upto 45L (based on the skills & fitment) IMPORTANT : -Experience with some form of IOT equipment in any vertical is a must -Own end-to-end testing strategy from edge devices to cloud to UIensuring test coverage of entire product workflows Required Skills : 10+ years of experience in Quality Assurance , with at least 5+ years in a leadership or management role . Proven experience with business-level stakeholder management , engaging with senior business leaders and cross-functional teams to align testing objectives with business goals. Strong communication and presentation skills to manage both technical and non-technical stakeholders. Extensive experience with test automation tools (e.g., Selenium, Jenkins, QTest, TestRail, Appium, Postman, BrowserStack, etc.). Knowledge of Tricentis is a plus. Solid understanding of manual testing, test planning, test execution, and defect management. Proven experience leading and mentoring QA teams to achieve high-quality results. Strong experience in performance testing, security testing, and API testing (e.g., RESTful APIs, SOAP). Hands-on experience with mobile app testing (e.g., iOS, Android) and web app testing (cross-browser, cross-platform). Strong knowledge of Agile and DevOps methodologies , as well as tools like JIRA, Confluence, and test management tools. Proven experience with IoT software testing , including device testing, communication protocols, and data validation. Experience with embedded systems testing and firmware testing is a must. Experience with hardware testing or IoT equipment is a significant advantage. Familiarity with SAP or Salesforce testing is good to have but not required. Excellent problem-solving skills with the ability to troubleshoot defects efficiently. Strong leadership and interpersonal skills, with the ability to guide and develop team members. Bachelors degree in computer science, Engineering, or a related field. Key Responsibilities: Lead and manage the QA team to ensure the highest quality of software across various platforms, including IoT systems, embedded devices, mobile apps, web apps, and APIs. Own and develop comprehensive end-to-end testing strategies , from edge devices to cloud to UI, ensuring full test coverage of the entire product workflow. Engage with business-level stakeholders , working closely with senior business leaders to define testing objectives, strategies, and product requirements. Align QA processes with business goals and ensure clear communication of testing priorities and timelines. Collaborate with cross-functional teams (Product Management, Development, Operations) to define testing strategies for new and existing products. Guide and mentor the QA team on best practices for test automation, manual testing, performance testing, security testing, and IoT-specific testing. Develop and monitor key performance indicators (KPIs) for the QA team, ensuring projects meet the required standards of quality. Establish and drive continuous improvement initiatives to optimize test efficiency, quality, and speed. Stay up-to-date with the latest trends and technologies in QA, including mobile app testing, web app testing, API testing, IoT testing, and embedded systems. Ensure thorough test coverage across all projects, including both functional and non-functional testing for IoT systems, devices, and applications. Collaborate with security teams to ensure application security and compliance with industry standards. Monitor and report on the progress of testing activities, documenting issues, and collaborating with development teams to resolve defects. Foster a quality-first mindset across the team and organization. Nice to Have: Salesforce and SAP testing knowledge (experience with Salesforce customizations, integrations, and SAP modules like SAP ECC or SAP S/4HANA) is beneficial but not required. Certifications in IoT , Embedded Systems Testing , or Mobile Testing (e.g., ISTQB, Appium) would be advantageous. Familiarity with CI/CD pipelines and DevOps best practices . Experience in load testing and performance testing using tools like JMeter or LoadRunner. Knowledge of AI/ML testing or other emerging technologies. Experience with cloud-based applications and microservices architecture.

Skills Manual Testing, Integration testing, Python, Agile, Scrum and V-Model Tools JAMA, Azure DevOps, Quality Center, Clear Quest Engineering degree in Computer Science or related fields. 6+ years of experience in verification activities for embedded device and software preferably medical device. Hands on experience in developing automation scripts using python and setting up automation test frameworks Experience in test case development, test execution, and defects reporting using tools JAMA, Azure DevOps, Quality Center, Clear Quest. Experience in writing and executing manual test cases for test setups with actual and simulated hardware. Experience in integration testing concepts, methodologies, and strategies for combining software and hardware systems. Experience in test environment set up, includes different hardware, network configurations, operating systems, and software environments. Experience in troubleshooting skills for identifying, analyzing, and resolving environment-related issues. Knowledge of using simulators and emulators to simulate hardware behavior when physical components are not available. Experience in managing timelines, resources to meet project goals. Strong knowledge of Agile, Scrum and V-Model practices. Experience in integrating the test environment with automated test frameworks to support continuous testing.

Job Description: DVT - White Box Testing (Chennai) Position: DVT - White Box Testing Engineer Location: Chennai Work Mode: 5 Days Work From Office (WFO) Experience: 5 to 10 Years Total Positions: 4 Job Responsibilities: Perform software verification and validation on embedded systems with a focus on white box testing. Develop and execute test cases to verify code functionality and logic. Conduct testing in domains like Medical, Aerospace, and Automotive. Write and debug embedded code (Embedded C/C++) for test purposes. Perform unit testing, code coverage analysis, and static code analysis. Work closely with developers to ensure code quality and coverage. Required Skills: Strong proficiency in Embedded C/C++ with white box testing experience. Hands-on experience in embedded systems testing. Ability to understand and test low-level code logic. Experience in regulated domains (Medical, Aerospace, Automotive). Excellent analytical and problem-solving skills. Strong verbal and written communication skills.

Job Description: DVT - Black Box Testing (Chennai) Position: DVT - Black Box Testing Engineer Location: Chennai Work Mode: 5 Days Work From Office (WFO) Experience: 5 to 10 Years Total Positions: 6 Job Responsibilities: Perform software verification testing on embedded systems. Design, develop, and execute test cases for black box testing of embedded applications. Conduct testing in domains such as Medical, Aerospace, or Automotive. Analyze test results, identify defects, and ensure compliance with quality standards. Work closely with the development team to clarify requirements and resolve issues. Basic code reading ability in Embedded C/C/C++. Requirements: Bachelor's degree in Computer Science, Electronics, Electrical Engineering, or related field. 5 to 10 years of experience in software verification testing of embedded systems. Hands-on experience in black box testing for embedded applications. Familiarity with Medical, Aerospace, or Automotive domains. Basic understanding of embedded coding (C/C/C++). Strong problem-solving and analytical skills. Excellent communication and teamwork skills.

Test Engineer with strong expertise in embedded systems and test automation.

Responsible for testing embedded systems, executing manual/automated tests, validating algorithms, and supporting field issues. Requires expertise in CAN, IoT, GPS, UART, SPI, test automation, and telematics validation.

Role & resCriteria: BE/B.Tech/ME/M.Tech in E&C or E&E 2+ years of industry experience in testing Hands on experience on Embedded product (STLC), microcontroller and microprocessor knowledge Hands on Test Automation and Python Scripting experience is a must on embedded platform Basic knowledge of analog/digital hardware, C and assembly awareness Good computer skills along with an understanding of basic hardware Knowledge of using the Linux based tool and test exposure to STB will be an advantage Roles and responsibilities: Develop test strategy, test plan and test cases, execute test cases and generate test reports for projects relating regression, system, functional, performance tests To work with development, tools teams and PMs for resolution of technical issues of the product as needed To perform Software Specification reviews, Test Plan reviews; improve test coverage, Scripting and Automation testing etc. Effective usage for test automation tools Ensure project compliance with Software Quality Processes Verify fulfillment of release criteria

Position: Embedded Software Test Engineer Experience Required: 4 6.5 Years Location:Bengaluru Company: Medical Device OEM What You Will Do Design and develop embedded software test procedures, automation scripts, and supporting documentation for medical devices. Review test artifacts created by peers to ensure alignment with Strykers quality and regulatory standards. Participate in the review and understanding of system and software requirements. Create detailed documentation for verification procedures, test reports, and associated records. Collaborate within cross-functional teams (hardware, software, systems) during the software verification and validation process. Develop and review verification plans with other internal teams and external partners. Ensure third-party documentation and test procedures meet established software quality standards. What You Need 4 to 6.5 years of hands-on experience in embedded software development, testing, and automation. Proficient in C/C++ and Python programming languages. Solid background in software design, unit testing, integration testing, and system-level validation—ideally within medical devices or other regulated domains (e.g., automotive, aerospace). Strong familiarity with microcontroller architectures ( 8/16/32-bit ) and their programming or testing. Hands-on skills in using hardware debugging tools such as oscilloscopes, DMMs, logic analyzers , and more. Ability to read and interpret datasheets, schematics , and system-level designs. Experience with configuration management tools such as Perforce, GitHub, Bitbucket . Familiarity with communication protocols: UART, SPI, I2C, BLE, Wi-Fi . Experience working with global teams in collaborative, distributed development environments. Excellent verbal and written communication skills, including documentation and presentation. Strong inclination and ability in system-level software testing and troubleshooting . Education Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Electronics Engineering, Computer Engineering , or a related technical discipline.